Yellow-breasted bunting at feeding site, Kaeng Lawa, northeastern Thailand. © Eakachai Anuphab.

These findings suggest that current estimates of the YBBU wintering population may be considerably lower than its true abundance. This potential underestimation highlights the need for long-term monitoring of their populations to accurately assess and update the conservation status of this species. Our data further indicated that the presence of YBBU was associated with rice cultivation periods in the study area. These cultivation patterns may influence the habitat use and distribution patterns of the YBBU. To develop a more comprehensive understanding of YBBU population size and distribution, it is crucial to expand survey efforts across its wintering range. Additionally, studying habitat use at both feeding and roosting sites could provide valuable insights for identifying key strongholds.

In this project, we aim to estimate population sizes and characterize microhabitat use of stronghold YBBU populations in Thailand, a country likely supporting large numbers of wintering YBBU. We selected 15 study sites across 15 provinces based on reports (mostly eBird) of populations exceeding 50 individuals. Distance sampling is being used to estimate densities at feeding sites, while population estimates at roosting sites are being conducted using a modified double-observer approach. We will also assess habitat structure, bird behaviour, and potential threats to evaluate habitat suitability. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive estimate of the wintering population in Thailand by covering all key feeding and roosting areas. This project will establish baseline data and standardized counting methods for monitoring wintering YBBU and potentially other migratory landbirds. A broader geographical survey will enable more accurate population assessments and contribute to improved conservation strategies for protecting this species.